/* ==========================================================================
   PhD Research Portfolio - Design System
   Visual Identity: Google Material 3 (Expressive) & Google AI (ai.google)
   ========================================================================== */

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;0,800;1,400;1,600&family=Inter:wght@300;400;500;600;700&family=Roboto+Mono:wght@400;500;600&display=swap');

:root {
  /* Surface & Canvas Tokens (ai.google Material 3 Expressive) */
  --bg-main: #F8F9FA;                     /* Surface Default / Ambient Canvas */
  --bg-card: #FFFFFF;                     /* Card Surface / Container */
  --bg-card-subtle: #F0F4F9;              /* Tonal Surface Variant / Subtle container fill */
  --card-border: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);     /* Hair-width border stroke */
  --card-border-hover: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14); /* Clean neutral surface border hover */
  --bg-pill: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);         /* Tonal neutral pill container */
  --bg-track: #E8EAED;                    /* Surface Variant Track */
  
  /* Text Hierarchy (Google Material 3) */
  --text-primary: #1F1F1F;                /* High emphasis (Headings & Display) */
  --text-secondary: #444746;              /* Medium emphasis (Body & Context) */
  --text-muted: #747775;                  /* Low emphasis / Captions & Metadata */
  --text-inverse: #FFFFFF;                /* Inverted text */
  
  /* Brand Accents - Google AI High-Contrast Neutral Palette */
  --primary: #1F1F1F;                     /* High emphasis charcoal */
  --primary-deep: #000000;
  --primary-hover: #333333;
  --primary-light: #F0F4F9;               /* Subtle tonal container fill */
  --primary-glow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
  
  --timeline-active: #1F1F1F;
  --timeline-active-dark: #000000;
  --timeline-active-light: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
  
  --accent-muted: #5F6368;
  --accent-muted-dark: #3C4043;
  --accent-muted-light: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
  --accent-cyan: #5F6368;
  --accent-indigo: #444746;
  --accent-purple: #747775;
  --accent-emerald: #1E8E3E;

  /* Google Quad-Color Palette */
  --google-blue: #1A73E8;
  --google-red: #EA4335;
  --google-yellow: #FBBC04;
  --google-green: #34A853;

  /* Component Surfaces & Frosted Glass */
  --navbar-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.82);
  --navbar-border: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
  --hero-bg: transparent;
  --section-alt-bg: #F8F9FA;
  --footer-bg: #F0F4F9;
  --footer-card-bg: #FFFFFF;
  --footer-border: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
  --footer-divider: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
  --btn-sec-bg: #FFFFFF;
  --btn-sec-border: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
  --btn-sec-hover: #F8F9FA;
  --screen-bg: #FFFFFF;
  --border-subtle: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
  --modal-bg: #FFFFFF;
  --modal-overlay: rgba(15, 18, 23, 0.50);

  /* Gradients */
  --gradient-primary: linear-gradient(135deg, #1F1F1F 0%, #333333 100%);
  --gradient-ai: linear-gradient(135deg, #1F1F1F 0%, #444746 100%);
  --gradient-glow: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.02));
  --gradient-card-border: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03));

  /* Material 3 Ambient Elevation (No harsh drop shadows) */
  --shadow-sm: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04), 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.02);
  --shadow-md: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04), 0 8px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);
  --shadow-lg: 0 4px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06), 0 16px 36px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
  --shadow-hover: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06), 0 16px 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
  --shadow-active: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 8px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
  --shadow-inner: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);

  /* Typography Stacks */
  --font-heading: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', 'Google Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
  --font-body: 'Inter', 'Roboto', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
  --font-mono: 'Roboto Mono', 'JetBrains Mono', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;

  /* Material 3 Expressive Corner Radii */
  --max-width: 1200px;
  --timeline-text-card-height: 500px;
  --timeline-visual-card-height: 500px;
  --radius-sm: 10px;
  --radius-md: 16px;
  --radius-lg: 24px;
  --radius-xl: 28px;
  --radius-full: 9999px;
  --transition-smooth: all 0.25s cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0, 1);
  --transition-fast: all 0.18s cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0, 1);
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Night Mode / Dark Theme Tokens (Fluent 2 Dark / Layered Neutral Canvas)
   ========================================================================== */
[data-theme="dark"] {
  /* Color Palette - Google AI Dark Theme */
  --bg-main: #0E1217;                     /* Surface Default (Dark Canvas) */
  --bg-card: #181C22;                     /* Cards / Containers (Dark) */
  --bg-card-subtle: #202630;              /* Subtle Container Fill */
  --card-border: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08); /* Hair-width white border */
  --card-border-hover: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.18);
  --bg-pill: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  --bg-track: #2D333B;
  
  --text-primary: #E3E3E3;                /* High emphasis */
  --text-secondary: #C4C7C5;              /* Medium emphasis */
  --text-muted: #8E918F;                  /* Low emphasis */
  --text-inverse: #0E1217;
  
  --font-heading: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', 'Google Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
  --font-body: 'Inter', 'Roboto', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
  --font-mono: 'Roboto Mono', 'JetBrains Mono', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;

  /* Brand Accents - High Contrast Neutral in Dark Mode */
  --primary: #E3E3E3;
  --primary-deep: #FFFFFF;
  --primary-hover: #FFFFFF;
  --primary-light: #202630;
  --primary-glow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
  
  --timeline-active: #E3E3E3;
  --timeline-active-dark: #FFFFFF;
  --timeline-active-light: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
  
  --accent-muted: #9AA0A6;
  --accent-muted-dark: #BDC1C6;
  --accent-muted-light: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
  --accent-cyan: #9AA0A6;
  --accent-indigo: #C4C7C5;
  --accent-purple: #E3E3E3;
  --accent-emerald: #81C995;

  /* Component Surfaces & Acrylic Glass */
  --navbar-bg: rgba(14, 18, 23, 0.82);
  --navbar-border: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  --hero-bg: transparent;
  --section-alt-bg: #12161C;
  --footer-bg: #0B0E12;
  --footer-card-bg: #181C22;
  --footer-border: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  --footer-divider: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  --btn-sec-bg: #181C22;
  --btn-sec-border: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
  --btn-sec-hover: #222832;
  --screen-bg: #13171D;
  --border-subtle: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  --modal-bg: #181C22;
  --modal-overlay: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);

  /* Gradients */
  --gradient-primary: linear-gradient(135deg, #E3E3E3 0%, #FFFFFF 100%);
  --gradient-ai: linear-gradient(135deg, #E3E3E3 0%, #C4C7C5 100%);
  --gradient-glow: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.02));
  --gradient-card-border: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.18), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04));

  /* Elevation (Ambient Dark Shadows) */
  --shadow-sm: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35), 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
  --shadow-md: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35), 0 8px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.30);
  --shadow-lg: 0 4px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45), 0 16px 36px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.40);
  --shadow-hover: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45), 0 16px 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.40);
  --shadow-active: 0 2px 10px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), 0 10px 28px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55);
  --shadow-inner: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.40);
}

/* Fallback for OS Dark Mode when no explicit theme is set */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  :root:not([data-theme="light"]) {
    --bg-main: #0E1217;
    --bg-card: #181C22;
    --bg-card-subtle: #202630;
    --card-border: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
    --card-border-hover: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.18);
    --bg-pill: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
    --bg-track: #2D333B;
    --text-primary: #E3E3E3;
    --text-secondary: #C4C7C5;
    --text-muted: #8E918F;
    --text-inverse: #0E1217;
    --font-heading: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', 'Google Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
    --font-body: 'Inter', 'Roboto', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
    --font-mono: 'Roboto Mono', 'JetBrains Mono', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
    --primary: #E3E3E3;
    --primary-deep: #FFFFFF;
    --primary-hover: #FFFFFF;
    --primary-light: #202630;
    --primary-glow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
    --timeline-active: #E3E3E3;
    --timeline-active-dark: #FFFFFF;
    --timeline-active-light: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
    --accent-muted: #9AA0A6;
    --accent-muted-dark: #BDC1C6;
    --accent-muted-light: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
    --accent-cyan: #9AA0A6;
    --accent-indigo: #C4C7C5;
    --accent-purple: #E3E3E3;
    --accent-emerald: #81C995;
    --navbar-bg: rgba(14, 18, 23, 0.82);
    --navbar-border: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
    --hero-bg: transparent;
    --section-alt-bg: #12161C;
    --footer-bg: #0B0E12;
    --footer-card-bg: #181C22;
    --footer-border: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
    --footer-divider: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
    --btn-sec-bg: #181C22;
    --btn-sec-border: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
    --btn-sec-hover: #222832;
    --screen-bg: #13171D;
    --border-subtle: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
    --modal-bg: #181C22;
    --modal-overlay: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);
    --gradient-primary: linear-gradient(135deg, #E3E3E3 0%, #FFFFFF 100%);
    --gradient-ai: linear-gradient(135deg, #E3E3E3 0%, #C4C7C5 100%);
    --gradient-glow: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.02));
    --gradient-card-border: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.18), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04));
    --shadow-sm: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35), 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
    --shadow-md: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35), 0 8px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.30);
    --shadow-lg: 0 4px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45), 0 16px 36px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.40);
    --shadow-hover: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45), 0 16px 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.40);
    --shadow-active: 0 2px 10px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), 0 10px 28px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55);
    --shadow-inner: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.40);
  }
}

/* Theme Switching Smooth Transition */
html.theme-transitioning,
html.theme-transitioning *,
html.theme-transitioning *::before,
html.theme-transitioning *::after {
  transition: background-color 0.35s ease, border-color 0.35s ease, color 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.35s ease, fill 0.35s ease, stroke 0.35s ease !important;
}

/* Reset & Core Setup */
*, *::before, *::after {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

html {
  scroll-behavior: smooth;
  overflow-y: scroll;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  scroll-padding-top: 76px;
  font-size: 16px;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}

body {
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  background-color: var(--bg-main);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  line-height: 1.6;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  width: 100%;
  min-width: 320px;
}

img, svg, video, canvas {
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}

/* Background Atmosphere Texture (Google AI Radiant Atmosphere) */
.ambient-bg {
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100vw;
  height: 100vh;
  pointer-events: none;
  z-index: 0;
  background: 
    radial-gradient(ellipse 70% 45% at 50% 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.015) 0%, transparent 65%),
    radial-gradient(circle 500px at 85% 25%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.01) 0%, transparent 60%),
    radial-gradient(circle 500px at 15% 70%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.01) 0%, transparent 60%);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .ambient-bg {
  background: 
    radial-gradient(ellipse 70% 45% at 50% 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.02) 0%, transparent 65%),
    radial-gradient(circle 500px at 85% 25%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.015) 0%, transparent 60%),
    radial-gradient(circle 500px at 15% 70%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.01) 0%, transparent 60%);
}

.container {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: var(--max-width);
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 0 24px;
  position: relative;
  z-index: 1;
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Navigation Bar (Full-Width Viewport Header)
   ========================================================================== */
.navbar {
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 1000;
  width: 100%;
  padding: 0;
  background: var(--navbar-bg);
  backdrop-filter: blur(16px) saturate(180%);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(16px) saturate(180%);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--navbar-border);
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03), 0 4px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.02);
  transition: background 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .navbar {
  background: rgba(14, 18, 23, 0.82);
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3), 0 4px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
}

.nav-container {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  height: 68px;
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 100%;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0 clamp(20px, 3.5vw, 48px);
}

.brand {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 12px;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  flex-shrink: 0;
  z-index: 2;
  transition: opacity 0.2s ease;
}

.brand:hover {
  opacity: 0.85;
}

.brand-logo-wrap {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  height: 38px;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.brand-logo {
  height: 36px;
  width: auto;
  max-height: 38px;
  object-fit: contain;
  display: block;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .brand-logo {
  filter: brightness(0) invert(1);
}

.brand-meta {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.brand-title {
  line-height: 1.2;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  color: var(--text-primary);
}

.brand-subtitle {
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  font-size: 0.725rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  color: var(--text-muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.01em;
}

/* Navigation Menu - Right Edge Aligned */
.nav-menu {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0 0 0 auto;
  padding: 0;
  gap: clamp(14px, 1.8vw, 24px);
  z-index: 1;
}

.nav-link {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  font-weight: 500;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  padding: 8px 14px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  transition: all 0.18s ease;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.nav-link:hover {
  color: var(--text-primary);
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .nav-link:hover {
  color: #ffffff;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
}

.nav-link.active {
  color: var(--text-primary);
  font-weight: 600;
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .nav-link.active {
  color: #FFFFFF;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
}

.nav-actions {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-shrink: 0;
  z-index: 2;
}

.menu-toggle {
  display: none;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 38px;
  height: 38px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  background: var(--bg-card);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  font-size: 1rem;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: all 0.18s ease;
}

.menu-toggle:hover {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
}

.sr-only {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  padding: 0;
  margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  white-space: nowrap;
  border: 0;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive Button: Primary */
.btn-primary {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 8px;
  background: var(--text-primary);
  color: var(--text-inverse);
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  min-height: 42px;
  padding: 8px 24px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  text-decoration: none;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  cursor: pointer;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.btn-primary:hover {
  background: #333333;
  color: #fff;
  transform: translateY(-1px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .btn-primary:hover {
  background: #ffffff;
  color: #0E1217;
}

.btn-primary:active {
  transform: scale(0.98);
}

.btn-primary:focus-visible,
.btn-secondary:focus-visible,
.btn-pill-action:focus-visible,
.btn-pub-link:focus-visible,
.btn-card-action:focus-visible,
.btn-card-action-link:focus-visible,
.btn-view-all:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--text-primary);
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive Button: Secondary */
.btn-secondary {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 8px;
  background: var(--btn-sec-bg);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  min-height: 42px;
  padding: 8px 24px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  text-decoration: none;
  border: 1px solid var(--btn-sec-border);
  cursor: pointer;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.btn-secondary:hover {
  background: var(--btn-sec-hover);
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}

.btn-secondary:active {
  transform: scale(0.98);
}


/* ==========================================================================
   Hero Section (Clean, Centered Presentation)
   ========================================================================== */
.hero-section {
  padding: 80px 0 70px;
  min-height: 85vh;
  display: flex;
  background: var(--hero-bg);
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  position: relative;
  text-align: center;
}

.hero-block {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  max-width: 1060px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  width: 100%;
}

.hero-badge {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  padding: 6px 16px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  margin-bottom: 22px;
  box-shadow: none;
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .hero-badge {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
}

.hero-badge:hover {
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}

.hero-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: clamp(2rem, 5vw + 0.5rem, 3.25rem);
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.2;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 22px;
  max-width: 960px;
}

.hero-title .gradient-text {
  color: var(--text-primary);
  background: none;
  -webkit-text-fill-color: initial;
  display: inline;
}

.hero-subtitle {
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 1.8vw + 0.2rem, 1.15rem);
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.75;
  margin-bottom: 32px;
  max-width: 780px;
}

.hero-actions {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 12px;
  margin-bottom: 48px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.hero-btn {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 8px;
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  min-height: 44px;
  padding: 10px 24px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  text-decoration: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.hero-btn:active {
  transform: scale(0.98);
}

.hero-btn-primary {
  background: var(--text-primary);
  color: var(--text-inverse);
  border: none;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

.hero-btn-primary:hover {
  background: #000000;
  color: #FFFFFF;
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 14px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .hero-btn-primary {
  background: #FFFFFF;
  color: #0E1217;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .hero-btn-primary:hover {
  background: #E3E3E3;
  color: #0E1217;
}

.hero-btn-secondary {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border: 1px solid var(--btn-sec-border);
  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);
}

.hero-btn-secondary:hover {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .hero-btn-secondary:hover {
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
  background: #252B35;
  color: #FFFFFF;
}

.hero-btn-ghost {
  background: transparent;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  border: 1px solid transparent;
}

.hero-btn-ghost:hover {
  color: var(--text-primary);
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .hero-btn-ghost:hover {
  color: #FFFFFF;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.hero-pillars-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
  gap: 16px;
  width: 100%;
  margin-top: 12px;
}

.pillar-card {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  padding: 22px 18px;
  text-align: left;
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.pillar-card:hover {
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.pillar-icon {
  width: 38px;
  height: 38px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 14px;
}

.pillar-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

.pillar-desc {
  font-size: 0.825rem;
  color: var(--text-muted);
  line-height: 1.55;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.hero-divider {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 1000px;
  height: 1px;
  background: var(--card-border);
  margin: 0 auto;
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Core Interactive Timeline Section
   (Alternating 2-column scroll-into-view spine)
   ========================================================================== */
.timeline-section {
  position: relative;
  padding: 8vh 0;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.section-header {
  text-align: center;
  max-width: 680px;
  margin: 0 auto 70px;
}

.section-tag {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  padding: 5px 14px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  display: inline-block;
  margin-bottom: 14px;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .section-tag {
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
}

.section-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 2.5rem;
  font-weight: 800;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}

.heading-accent {
  color: inherit;
}

.timeline-section .heading-accent {
  color: var(--text-primary);
}

.publications-section .heading-accent {
  color: var(--text-primary);
}

.results-section .heading-accent {
  color: var(--text-primary);
}

.section-subtitle {
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.7;
}

/* Steps Timeline Container */
.steps-container {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  margin-top: 0;
}

/* The Continuous Central Progress Track & Spine */
.timeline-spine-track {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  width: 3px;
  background-color: var(--bg-track);
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  z-index: 1;
  opacity: 0;
  transition: opacity 0.15s ease;
}

.timeline-spine-track.is-positioned {
  opacity: 1;
}

/* Fill is driven by JS as each step crosses the viewport focus point. */
.timeline-spine-fill {
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  top: 0%;
  width: 100%;
  height: 0%;
  background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--timeline-active) 0%, var(--timeline-active-dark) 100%);
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  box-shadow: 0 0 8px var(--timeline-active-light);
  transition: top 0.6s cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1),
              height 0.6s cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1);
  will-change: top, height;
}

/*
   Each step moves naturally through the page. Its centre passes through the
   viewport focus point, which is where the accompanying script activates it.
   This gives the same paced, scroll-into-view feel as the reference without
   trapping ordinary scrolling in mandatory page-level snap points.
*/
.step-block {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  min-height: 82vh;
  padding: 10vh 80px;
  max-width: var(--max-width);
  margin: 0 auto;
  width: 100%;
  z-index: 2;
  overflow: visible;
  scroll-margin-top: 72px;
}

/* The first version follows a section heading, so it needs less top spacing. */
#step-1 {
  padding-top: 24px;
}

/* Milestone Center Dot */
.step-center-marker {
  position: absolute;
  left: 50%;
  top: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  z-index: 10;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
}

.dot {
  width: 16px;
  height: 16px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: var(--bg-card);
  border: 3px solid var(--bg-track);
  box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
  position: relative;
}

.dot::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0);
  width: 5px;
  height: 5px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: var(--timeline-active-dark);
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
}

.step-block.is-active .dot {
  border-color: var(--timeline-active);
  transform: scale(1.2);
  box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px var(--timeline-active-light), 0 0 12px var(--timeline-active-light);
}

.step-block.is-active .dot::after {
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);
}

/* Alternating Columns — give the research narrative a little more reading room. */
.step-content-col, .step-visual-col {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
}

.step-content-col,
.step-visual-col {
  width: 45%;
}

/* Let text cards use extra room only toward the outer edge of the timeline. */
@media (min-width: 769px) {
  .step-content-col .step-card {
    width: calc(100% + 15.556%);
  }

  /* Right-hand text cards expand toward the outer page edge. */
  #step-1 .step-content-col .step-card,
  #step-3 .step-content-col .step-card,
  #step-5 .step-content-col .step-card,
  #step-7 .step-content-col .step-card {
    width: calc(100% + 15.556%);
    margin-left: 0;
    margin-right: -15.556%;
  }

  /* On left-hand steps, anchor the widened card to its inside edge. */
  #step-2 .step-content-col .step-card,
  #step-4 .step-content-col .step-card,
  #step-6 .step-content-col .step-card {
    margin-left: -15.556%;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 769px) {
  #step-7 .step-visual-col {
    order: 1;
  }

  #step-7 .step-content-col {
    order: 2;
  }
}

/* Keep every step readable while the current milestone receives emphasis. */
.step-block .step-content-col,
.step-block .step-visual-col {
  opacity: 1;
  transform: translateY(0);
}

.step-block.is-active .step-content-col,
.step-block.is-active .step-visual-col {
  opacity: 1;
  transform: translateY(0);
}

/* Card Styling (.step-card) */
.step-card {
  width: 100%;
  height: var(--timeline-text-card-height);
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  padding: 38px 34px;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
  overflow: hidden;
}

@media (hover: hover) {
  .step-card:hover,
  .visual-card-wrapper:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  }

  .pub-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  }

  .step-block.is-active .step-card:hover {
    border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  }
}

.step-card::before {
  display: none;
}

.step-block.is-active .step-card {
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
}

.step-meta-row {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.step-pill-number {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  padding: 4px 14px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  letter-spacing: 0.03em;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .step-pill-number {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.step-phase-tag {
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--text-muted);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  padding: 4px 12px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
}

.step-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.65rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.25;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 14px;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
}

.step-desc {
  font-size: 0.975rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.7;
  margin-bottom: 22px;
}

.step-bullet-list {
  list-style: none;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 10px;
  margin-bottom: 26px;
}

.step-bullet-item {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
  gap: 10px;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.bullet-icon {
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1;
  flex-shrink: 0;
  margin-top: 4px;
}

.step-footer-actions {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 14px;
  padding-top: 18px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--border-subtle);
  margin-top: auto;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.btn-pill-action {
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  background: var(--btn-sec-bg);
  border: 1px solid var(--btn-sec-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
  cursor: pointer;
  padding: 6px 14px;
  min-height: 32px;
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
}

.btn-pill-action:hover {
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  background: var(--btn-sec-hover);
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}

.btn-pill-action:active {
  transform: scale(0.98);
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Rich Interactive Visual Cards (.step-visual-col)
   ========================================================================== */
.visual-card-wrapper {
  width: 100%;
  height: var(--timeline-visual-card-height);
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  padding: 12px;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 12px;
}

.visual-top-bar {
  display: none;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--text-muted);
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(64, 64, 64, 0.12);
  padding-bottom: 10px;
}

.window-dots {
  display: none;
  gap: 6px;
}

.window-dot {
  width: 10px;
  height: 10px;
  border-radius: 50%;
}

.window-dot.red { background: #ff5f56; }
.window-dot.yellow { background: #ffbd2e; }
.window-dot.green { background: #27c93f; }

.visual-svg-container {
  width: 100%;
  min-height: 240px;
  flex: 1;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  padding: 16px;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
}

.visual-svg-container svg {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  max-height: 250px;
}

.visual-svg-container.step-app-screens {
  gap: 12px;
  padding: 10px;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--screen-bg);
}

.step-app-screens img {
  display: block;
  height: min(360px, 100%);
  max-width: calc(50% - 6px);
  width: auto;
  object-fit: contain;
  border-radius: 8px;
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .step-app-screens img {
  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
}

.step-app-screens svg {
  display: none;
}

.visual-svg-container.step-dashboard-view {
  padding: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--screen-bg);
}

.step-dashboard-view img {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: contain;
}

.step-dashboard-view svg {
  display: none;
}

/* Full-width final results section. */
.results-section {
  padding: 88px 0 96px;
  background: var(--section-alt-bg);
}

.results-header {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 680px;
  margin: 0 auto 70px;
  padding: 0 24px;
  text-align: center;
}

.results-eyebrow {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  padding: 5px 14px;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 0.825rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .results-eyebrow {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
  color: var(--text-primary);
}

.results-layout {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 28px;
  width: min(1320px, calc(100vw - 96px));
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.results-container {
  max-width: none;
  padding: 0;
}

.results-layout .step-visual-col,
.results-layout .step-content-col {
  width: 100%;
}

.results-layout .step-visual-col {
  order: 1;
}

.results-layout .step-content-col {
  order: 2;
}

.results-layout .visual-card-wrapper {
  height: auto;
  padding: 0;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: 18px;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--bg-card);
}

/* Single Experimental Outcome dashboard. */
.single-results-image {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 1.952 / 1;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--screen-bg);
}

.single-results-image img {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: contain;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .single-results-image img {
  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  border-radius: 12px;
}

.results-layout .step-dashboard-view {
  min-height: 0;
  flex: none;
  aspect-ratio: auto;
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 0;
  justify-content: flex-start;
  overflow-x: auto;
  overflow-y: hidden;
  scrollbar-width: thin;
}

.results-layout .step-dashboard-view img {
  width: 100%;
  min-width: 1200px;
  max-width: none;
  height: auto;
  object-fit: initial;
}

.results-layout .step-content-col .step-card {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  margin: 0;
}

/* Align the inline research diagrams with the site palette. */
.visual-svg-container svg [fill="#0066f5"],
.visual-svg-container svg [fill="#06b6d4"],
.visual-svg-container svg [fill="#4f46e5"],
.visual-svg-container svg [fill="#8b5cf6"],
.visual-svg-container svg [fill="#3b82f6"],
.visual-svg-container svg [fill="#2563eb"] { fill: var(--text-primary); }

.visual-svg-container svg [fill="#93c5fd"],
.visual-svg-container svg [fill="#60a5fa"] { fill: var(--bg-card-subtle); }

.visual-svg-container svg [stroke="#0066f5"],
.visual-svg-container svg [stroke="#06b6d4"],
.visual-svg-container svg [stroke="#4f46e5"],
.visual-svg-container svg [stroke="#8b5cf6"],
.visual-svg-container svg [stroke="#3b82f6"],
.visual-svg-container svg [stroke="#2563eb"] { stroke: var(--text-secondary); }

.visual-svg-container svg [stop-color="#0066f5"],
.visual-svg-container svg [stop-color="#06b6d4"],
.visual-svg-container svg [stop-color="#4f46e5"],
.visual-svg-container svg [stop-color="#8b5cf6"] { stop-color: var(--text-primary); }

.visual-svg-container svg [fill="#0f172a"] { fill: var(--text-primary); }
.visual-svg-container svg [fill="#475569"],
.visual-svg-container svg [fill="#64748b"] { fill: var(--text-secondary); }
.visual-svg-container svg [fill="#94a3b8"] { fill: var(--text-muted); }
.visual-svg-container svg [stroke="#cbd5e1"],
.visual-svg-container svg [stroke="#e2e8f0"] { stroke: var(--card-border); }

.visual-caption {
  font-size: 0.825rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  padding: 8px 14px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

/* Keep the visual captions, but remove their category tags in the timeline. */
.visual-card-wrapper .visual-caption .badge-tag {
  display: none;
}

.visual-card-wrapper .visual-caption {
  display: none;
}

.badge-tag {
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  padding: 3px 10px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
}

.badge-tag.blue,
.badge-tag.emerald,
.badge-tag.purple,
.badge-tag.amber { background: var(--bg-card-subtle); color: var(--text-primary); border: 1px solid var(--card-border); }

/* ==========================================================================
   Publications & Research Artifacts Section
   ========================================================================== */
.publications-section {
  padding: 80px 0;
  background: var(--bg-main);
}

.pubs-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 28px;
  margin-top: 40px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.pub-card {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  padding: 28px;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-between;
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
}

.pub-card:hover {
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.pub-type-badge {
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  padding: 3px 10px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .pub-type-badge {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
  color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.pub-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.15rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.35;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.pub-venue {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  margin-bottom: 6px;
}

.pub-authors {
  font-size: 0.825rem;
  color: var(--text-muted);
  margin-bottom: 18px;
}

.pub-actions {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 10px;
  margin-top: auto;
  padding-top: 14px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--border-subtle);
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.btn-pub-link {
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  background: var(--btn-sec-bg);
  border: 1px solid var(--btn-sec-border);
  padding: 0 16px;
  min-width: 100px;
  min-height: 36px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  text-decoration: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 6px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  font-family: inherit;
  white-space: nowrap;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
  -webkit-appearance: none;
  appearance: none;
}

.btn-pub-link:active {
  transform: scale(0.98);
}

.btn-pub-link:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--text-primary);
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

.btn-pub-link--primary {
  color: var(--text-inverse);
  background: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: transparent;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

.btn-pub-link--primary:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background: #333333;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .btn-pub-link--primary:hover {
  background: #ffffff;
  color: #0E1217;
}

.btn-pub-link--secondary {
  background: var(--btn-sec-bg);
  border-color: var(--btn-sec-border);
  color: var(--text-primary);
}

.btn-pub-link--secondary:hover {
  background: var(--btn-sec-hover);
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}

.copy-citation-btn {
  background: var(--btn-sec-bg);
}

.copy-citation-btn:hover {
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  background: var(--btn-sec-hover);
}

.btn-pub-link:disabled {
  color: var(--text-muted);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
  cursor: not-allowed;
  opacity: 0.65;
  transform: none;
  box-shadow: none;
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Interactive Deep-Dive Modal
   ========================================================================== */
.modal-overlay {
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100vw;
  height: 100vh;
  background: var(--modal-overlay);
  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
  z-index: 1000;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  padding: 24px;
  opacity: 0;
  pointer-events: none;
  transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
}

.modal-overlay.is-open {
  opacity: 1;
  pointer-events: auto;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.modal-content {
  background: var(--modal-bg);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-xl);
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 680px;
  max-height: 85vh;
  overflow-y: auto;
  padding: 32px;
  box-shadow: 0 24px 64px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.22);
  position: relative;
  transform: translateY(16px) scale(0.98);
  transition: transform 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.33, 0, 0, 1);
}

.modal-overlay.is-open .modal-content {
  transform: translateY(0) scale(1);
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.modal-close-btn {
  position: absolute;
  top: 18px;
  right: 18px;
  width: 36px;
  height: 36px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  background: transparent;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.modal-close-btn:hover {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
}

.modal-close-btn:active {
  transform: scale(0.96);
}

.modal-close-btn:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--text-primary);
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.modal-header-badge {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 0.775rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  padding: 3px 12px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  display: inline-block;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .modal-header-badge {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
}

.modal-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  line-height: 1.3;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
}

.modal-body {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.7;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.bibtex-box {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  padding: 16px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  overflow-x: auto;
  margin-top: 16px;
  position: relative;
}

.copy-bibtex-btn {
  position: absolute;
  top: 10px;
  right: 10px;
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  padding: 5px 12px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.copy-bibtex-btn:hover {
  background: var(--text-primary);
  color: var(--text-inverse);
  border-color: var(--text-primary);
}

.copy-bibtex-btn:active {
  transform: scale(0.98);
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Footer & Author Bio
   (Replicating the reference author bio card & links)
   ========================================================================== */
.footer {
  padding: 80px 0 50px;
  background: var(--footer-bg);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--footer-border);
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.footer-card {
  max-width: 840px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  background: var(--footer-card-bg);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  padding: 38px 44px;
  border: 1px solid var(--footer-border);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1.3fr auto 1fr;
  gap: 40px;
  align-items: center;
}

.footer-bio-col {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 20px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.author-avatar {
  width: 76px;
  height: 76px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: #fff;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.75rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  flex-shrink: 0;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  border: 2px solid var(--card-border);
  overflow: hidden;
}

.author-avatar img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: 65% center;
  transform: scale(1.75);
}

.footer-heading {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.15rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}

.footer-bio-text {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.55;
}

.footer-divider {
  width: 1px;
  height: 76px;
  background: var(--footer-divider);
}

.footer-links-col {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 100%;
}

.footer-connect-group {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  text-align: center;
  gap: 12px;
  width: 100%;
}

.footer-connect-group .footer-heading {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

.footer-social-icons {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 8px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.social-icon-btn {
  width: 36px;
  height: 36px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  text-decoration: none;
  font-size: 1rem;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.social-icon-btn:hover {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .social-icon-btn:hover {
  background: #252B35;
  color: #FFFFFF;
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
}

.social-icon-btn:active {
  transform: scale(0.96);
}

.footer-bottom {
  text-align: center;
  margin-top: 36px;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--text-muted);
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Section Blocks & Common Structure
   ========================================================================== */
.section-block {
  padding: 96px 0;
  position: relative;
  z-index: 1;
}

.section-alt {
  background: var(--section-alt-bg);
}

.section-eyebrow {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.section-eyebrow i {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
}

.heading-accent {
  color: var(--text-primary);
  background: none;
  -webkit-text-fill-color: initial;
  display: inline;
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Projects Section (Collaborative Research & Initiatives)
   ========================================================================== */
.projects-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
  gap: 28px;
  margin-top: 40px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.project-card {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  padding: 32px;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  position: relative;
}

.project-card:hover {
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.project-card-header {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  gap: 12px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.project-org-badge {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
  font-size: 0.775rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  padding: 3px 10px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .project-org-badge {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
}

.project-status-badge {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--text-muted);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  padding: 4px 12px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
}

.project-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.35rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.project-role-box {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  padding: 6px 12px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  font-size: 0.825rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-left: 3px solid var(--text-primary);
}

.project-role-box i {
  color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.project-description {
  font-size: 0.925rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.65;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  flex-grow: 1;
}

.project-highlights-list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0 0 22px 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 8px;
}

.project-highlights-list li {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
  gap: 10px;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.5;
}

.project-highlights-list li i {
  color: var(--accent-emerald);
  margin-top: 3px;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
}

.project-tags-row {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.tag-pill {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  padding: 4px 12px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.tag-pill:hover {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .tag-pill:hover {
  background: #252B35;
  color: #FFFFFF;
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
}

.project-actions-row {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 10px;
  margin-top: auto;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.btn-card-action {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 6px;
  padding: 8px 22px;
  min-height: 38px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  background: var(--text-primary);
  color: var(--text-inverse);
  border: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.btn-card-action:hover {
  background: #000000;
  color: #FFFFFF;
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .btn-card-action {
  background: #FFFFFF;
  color: #0E1217;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .btn-card-action:hover {
  background: #E3E3E3;
  color: #0E1217;
}

.btn-card-action:active {
  transform: scale(0.98);
}

/* Material 3 Button (appearance: "secondary") */
.btn-card-action-link {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 6px;
  padding: 8px 22px;
  min-height: 38px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  background: var(--btn-sec-bg);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  text-decoration: none;
  border: 1px solid var(--btn-sec-border);
  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.btn-card-action-link:hover {
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
  background: var(--btn-sec-hover);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .btn-card-action-link:hover {
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
  background: #252B35;
  color: #FFFFFF;
}

.btn-card-action-link:active {
  transform: scale(0.98);
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Flagship Doctoral Research Header
   ========================================================================== */
.phd-research-header {
  text-align: center;
  max-width: 820px;
  margin: 0 auto 50px;
}

/* ==========================================================================
   UI/UX & HCI Design Lab Showcase
   ========================================================================== */
/* Material 3 Expressive */
.design-pillars-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
  gap: 26px;
  margin-top: 40px;
}

.design-card {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  padding: 30px;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

.design-card:hover {
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.design-card-icon {
  width: 40px;
  height: 40px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  font-size: 1.15rem;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.design-card-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

.design-card-desc {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.6;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.design-methods-box {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
  padding: 16px;
  margin-top: auto;
}

.design-methods-label {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.05em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  display: block;
}

.design-methods-pills {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 6px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.method-pill {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  background: var(--bg-card);
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  padding: 4px 12px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.method-pill:hover {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .method-pill:hover {
  background: #252B35;
  color: #FFFFFF;
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.design-philosophy-banner {
  margin-top: 48px;
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-left: 4px solid var(--text-primary);
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  padding: 22px 28px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 20px;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .design-philosophy-banner {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
  border-left-color: var(--text-primary);
}

.design-philosophy-banner i {
  font-size: 1.85rem;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.design-philosophy-text h4 {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}

.design-philosophy-text p {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.55;
  margin: 0;
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Side Hustles & Indie Ventures
   ========================================================================== */
.hustles-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
  gap: 26px;
  margin-top: 40px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.hustle-card {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  padding: 30px;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

.hustle-card:hover {
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.hustle-badge-row {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.hustle-category {
  font-size: 0.775rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  padding: 4px 12px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .hustle-category {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
}

.hustle-status {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--accent-emerald);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
}

.hustle-status::before {
  content: '';
  width: 7px;
  height: 7px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: var(--accent-emerald);
  display: inline-block;
}

.hustle-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.hustle-desc {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.6;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  flex-grow: 1;
}

.hustle-features {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0 0 20px 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 8px;
}

.hustle-features li {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  font-size: 0.825rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.hustle-features li i {
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  font-size: 0.75rem;
}

.hustle-footer {
  margin-top: auto;
  padding-top: 16px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--border-subtle);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

.hustle-tech {
  font-size: 0.775rem;
  font-family: var(--font-mono);
  color: var(--text-muted);
}

.hustle-link {
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  text-decoration: none;
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 5px;
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
  cursor: pointer;
  background: none;
  border: none;
  padding: 0;
}

.hustle-link:hover {
  transform: translateX(3px);
  color: var(--text-secondary);
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Bio Showcase Card (About Page)
   ========================================================================== */
.bio-showcase-card {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  padding: 38px 40px;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 420px 1fr;
  gap: 40px;
  align-items: center;
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
}

.bio-showcase-card:hover {
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.bio-photo-wrapper {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  overflow: hidden;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
}

.bio-photo-img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center 30%;
  display: block;
  transition: transform 0.45s ease;
}

.bio-showcase-card:hover .bio-photo-img {
  transform: scale(1.03);
}

.bio-content-wrapper {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 16px;
}

.bio-header-group {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 6px;
}

.bio-role-tag {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
  font-size: 0.775rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.05em;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  padding: 4px 14px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  width: fit-content;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .bio-role-tag {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
}

.bio-name {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: clamp(1.4rem, 2.2vw + 0.5rem, 1.85rem);
  font-weight: 800;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  line-height: 1.2;
  margin: 2px 0 0;
}

.bio-affiliation {
  font-size: 0.925rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.45;
  margin: 0;
}

.bio-text {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 10px;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  font-size: 0.925rem;
  line-height: 1.65;
}

.bio-text p {
  margin: 0;
}

.bio-text strong {
  color: var(--text-primary);
  font-weight: 600;
}

.bio-focus-pills {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 8px;
  margin-top: 4px;
}

.bio-pill {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
  font-size: 0.775rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  padding: 6px 14px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.bio-pill:hover {
  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
  background: var(--bg-card);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .bio-pill:hover {
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
  background: #252B35;
  color: #FFFFFF;
}

.bio-pill i {
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  font-size: 0.8rem;
}

/* ==========================================================================
   CV & Core Competencies Section
   ========================================================================== */
.cv-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  gap: 36px;
  margin-top: 40px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.cv-col-card {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  padding: 38px 40px;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
}

.cv-col-card:hover {
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.cv-col-header {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 12px;
  margin-bottom: 28px;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--card-border);
}

.cv-col-icon {
  width: 40px;
  height: 40px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  font-size: 1.1rem;
}

.cv-col-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
}

/* Experience / Education Timeline */
.cv-timeline {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 28px;
  position: relative;
  padding-left: 20px;
  border-left: 2px solid var(--card-border);
}

.timeline-item {
  position: relative;
}

.timeline-item::before {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  left: -27px;
  top: 5px;
  width: 12px;
  height: 12px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: var(--text-primary);
  border: 3px solid var(--bg-card);
  box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px var(--card-border);
}

.timeline-date {
  font-size: 0.775rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.05em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}

.timeline-role {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 2px;
}

.timeline-institution {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.timeline-details {
  font-size: 0.885rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.6;
  max-width: 960px;
}

.cv-download-box {
  margin-top: 32px;
  padding-top: 20px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--border-subtle);
  text-align: center;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.btn-cv-download {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 8px;
  padding: 8px 20px;
  min-height: 36px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  background: var(--text-primary);
  color: var(--text-inverse);
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  text-decoration: none;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.btn-cv-download:hover {
  background: #333333;
  color: #fff;
  transform: translateY(-1px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .btn-cv-download:hover {
  background: #ffffff;
  color: #0E1217;
}

.btn-cv-download:active {
  transform: scale(0.98);
}

/* Skills Matrix */
.skills-categories {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 22px;
}

.skill-category-title {
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.03em;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
}

.skill-category-title i {
  color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.skill-pills-row {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 8px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.skill-pill {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  padding: 4px 10px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.skill-pill:hover {
  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  background: var(--bg-card);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .skill-pill:hover {
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
  background: #252B35;
  color: #FFFFFF;
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Dedicated Page Header & Section CTAs
   ========================================================================== */
.page-header {
  padding: 84px 0 64px;
  background: var(--hero-bg);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  position: relative;
  text-align: center;
}

.page-header-content {
  max-width: 860px;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.page-header-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: clamp(1.85rem, 4vw + 0.5rem, 2.8rem);
  font-weight: 800;
  letter-spacing: -0.03em;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  line-height: 1.2;
}

.page-header-subtitle {
  font-size: clamp(0.95rem, 1.6vw + 0.2rem, 1.15rem);
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.7;
  max-width: 740px;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.page-header-badge {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  padding: 5px 14px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  font-size: 0.775rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .page-header-badge {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
  color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.section-cta-row {
  margin-top: 48px;
  text-align: center;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.btn-view-all {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 8px;
  padding: 8px 22px;
  min-height: 36px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  background: var(--bg-card);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  text-decoration: none;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.btn-view-all:hover {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}
[data-theme="dark"] .btn-view-all:hover {
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
  color: #FFFFFF;
}

.btn-view-all:active {
  transform: scale(0.98);
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Connect & Collaborate Modern Showcase Card
   ========================================================================== */
.connect-section-title {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 14px;
}

.connect-title-icon {
  font-size: 0.82em;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.connect-unified-card {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  padding: 38px 40px;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1px 1fr;
  gap: 36px;
  align-items: stretch;
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
}

.connect-unified-card:hover {
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.connect-unified-col {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.connect-unified-divider {
  background: var(--card-border);
  width: 1px;
  height: 100%;
}

.connect-col-header {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 12px;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--card-border);
}

.connect-col-icon {
  width: 40px;
  height: 40px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.connect-col-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  line-height: 1.25;
  margin: 0;
}

/* Office Rows: Single Line Aligned (Icon, Title, Detail) */
.office-rows {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 12px;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
}

.office-row {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 12px;
  padding: 12px 14px;
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.office-row:hover {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  transform: translateX(2px);
  box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
}

.office-row-icon {
  width: 32px;
  height: 32px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.office-row-body {
  display: flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: 8px;
  font-size: 0.885rem;
  line-height: 1.45;
  min-width: 0;
  flex: 1;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.office-row-title {
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  white-space: nowrap;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.office-row-detail {
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  word-break: break-word;
}

.office-row-link {
  color: var(--text-primary);
  text-decoration: none;
  font-weight: 500;
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 5px;
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.office-row-link:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.office-inline-ext {
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  opacity: 0.75;
}

/* Verified Profiles Grid */
.connect-profiles-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  gap: 12px;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
}

.profile-card {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 12px;
  padding: 12px 14px;
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
  position: relative;
}

.profile-card:hover {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
}

.profile-card-icon {
  width: 38px;
  height: 38px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.profile-card-info {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  min-width: 0;
  flex: 1;
}

.profile-card-title {
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  line-height: 1.3;
}

.profile-card-desc {
  font-size: 0.725rem;
  color: var(--text-muted);
  line-height: 1.2;
}

.profile-card-arrow {
  font-size: 0.725rem;
  color: var(--text-muted);
  opacity: 0.5;
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
  margin-left: auto;
}

.profile-card:hover .profile-card-arrow {
  opacity: 1;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  transform: translate(2px, -2px);
}

.connect-action-wrap {
  margin-top: auto;
  display: flex;
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Bento Grid Hub & Key Metrics Styles
   ========================================================================== */
.stats-bar-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
  gap: 18px;
  margin: 36px 0 54px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.stat-card {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  padding: 22px 18px;
  text-align: center;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
}

.stat-card:hover {
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.stat-icon {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.stat-num {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.75rem;
  font-weight: 800;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  line-height: 1.1;
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}

.stat-label {
  font-size: 0.825rem;
  color: var(--text-muted);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 1.4;
}

.bento-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
  gap: 24px;
  margin-top: 40px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.bento-card {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  padding: 32px;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  transition: var(--transition-smooth);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.bento-card:hover {
  border-color: var(--card-border-hover);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.bento-card-span-2 {
  grid-column: span 2;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.bento-badge {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
  font-size: 0.775rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  padding: 4px 12px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  align-self: flex-start;
}

[data-theme="dark"] .bento-badge {
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: var(--card-border);
}

.bento-title {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  line-height: 1.35;
  transition: color 0.15s ease;
}

.bento-card:hover .bento-title {
  color: var(--text-primary);
}

.bento-desc {
  font-size: 0.925rem;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  line-height: 1.6;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  flex-grow: 1;
}

.bento-tags {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}

/* Material 3 Expressive */
.bento-tags span {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  padding: 4px 12px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
  background: var(--bg-card-subtle);
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  transition: var(--transition-fast);
}

.bento-tags span:hover {
  background: var(--bg-card);
  color: var(--text-primary);
  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .bento-tags span:hover {
  background: #252B35;
  color: #FFFFFF;
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
}

.bento-footer {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin-top: auto;
  padding-top: 16px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--border-subtle);
}

.bento-action-link {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
  transition: transform 0.2s ease;
}

.bento-card:hover .bento-action-link {
  transform: translateX(4px);
}

/* ==========================================================================
   Responsive Adaptations (Comprehensive Full-Site Responsiveness)
   ========================================================================== */

/* Laptops & Small Desktops (<= 1040px) */
@media (max-width: 1040px) {
  .nav-container {
    padding: 0 clamp(16px, 2.5vw, 32px);
  }

  .nav-menu {
    gap: 12px;
  }

  .nav-link {
    padding: 6px 10px;
    font-size: 0.85rem;
  }

  .brand-subtitle {
    display: none;
  }

  .hero-pillars-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
  }

  .projects-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 24px;
  }

  .design-pillars-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    gap: 20px;
  }

  .hustles-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    gap: 20px;
  }

  .cv-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .bento-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    gap: 18px;
  }

  .bento-card-span-2 {
    grid-column: span 2;
  }

  .stats-bar-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    gap: 16px;
  }

  .bio-showcase-card {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 28px;
    padding: 30px 24px;
  }

  .bio-photo-wrapper {
    max-width: 520px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    aspect-ratio: 16 / 10;
  }

  .connect-unified-card {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 32px;
    padding: 30px 24px;
  }

  .connect-unified-divider {
    width: 100%;
    height: 1px;
  }

  .connect-profiles-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .step-block {
    padding: 6vh 24px;
    min-height: auto;
    gap: 28px;
  }
}

/* Tablets (<= 860px) */
@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .nav-container {
    height: 60px;
    padding: 0 20px;
  }

  .brand-subtitle {
    display: none;
  }

  .nav-menu {
    display: none;
    margin-left: 0;
  }

  .menu-toggle {
    display: flex;
  }

  .nav-menu.mobile-open {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    position: absolute;
    top: 60px;
    left: 0;
    width: 100%;
    background: var(--navbar-bg);
    backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(180%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(180%);
    padding: 16px 20px 24px;
    border-radius: 0 0 var(--radius-xl) var(--radius-xl);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--navbar-border);
    box-shadow: 0 16px 36px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16);
    gap: 6px;
    align-items: stretch;
    z-index: 1001;
  }

  .nav-menu.mobile-open .nav-link {
    width: 100%;
    padding: 12px 16px;
    font-size: 0.95rem;
    border-radius: var(--radius-full);
    border-bottom: none;
  }

  .nav-menu.mobile-open .nav-link.active {
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
    color: var(--text-primary);
  }
  [data-theme="dark"] .nav-menu.mobile-open .nav-link.active {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
    color: #FFFFFF;
  }

  .pubs-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 20px;
  }

  .footer-card {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 24px;
    padding: 32px 24px;
    text-align: center;
  }

  .footer-bio-col {
    flex-direction: column;
    text-align: center;
    gap: 16px;
  }

  .footer-divider {
    width: 100%;
    height: 1px;
    display: block;
  }

  .footer-links-col {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    text-align: center;
  }

  .footer-connect-group {
    align-items: center;
  }

  .footer-social-icons {
    justify-content: center;
  }
}

/* Medium Tablets & Phones (<= 768px) */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .hero-section {
    padding: 56px 0 40px;
  }

  .hero-pillars-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 14px;
  }

  .hero-actions {
    flex-direction: column;
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 360px;
    margin: 0 auto 36px;
  }

  .hero-btn {
    width: 100%;
    justify-content: center;
  }

  .page-header {
    padding: 52px 0 38px;
  }

  .bento-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .bento-card-span-2 {
    grid-column: span 1;
  }

  .project-card, .design-card, .hustle-card, .cv-col-card, .pub-card {
    padding: 24px 20px;
  }

  .design-philosophy-banner {
    flex-direction: column;
    text-align: center;
  }

  .contact-social-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    gap: 10px;
  }

  /* Timeline collapses into single column on mobile */
  .timeline-spine-track {
    left: 20px;
    transform: none;
  }

  .step-block {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
    min-height: 0;
    padding: 54px 16px 54px 48px;
    margin-bottom: 44px;
    gap: 20px;
  }

  .step-center-marker {
    left: 20px;
    top: 32px;
    transform: translate(-50%, 0);
  }

  .step-content-col, .step-visual-col {
    width: 100%;
    display: block;
    opacity: 1 !important;
    transform: none !important;
  }

  .step-card, .visual-card-wrapper {
    height: auto;
    min-height: 0;
  }

  .visual-svg-container {
    min-height: 220px;
  }

  .step-block:nth-child(even) .step-content-col {
    order: 1;
  }

  .step-block:nth-child(even) .step-visual-col {
    order: 2;
  }
}

/* Small Phones (<= 600px) */
@media (max-width: 600px) {
  .container {
    padding: 0 16px;
  }

  .nav-container {
    padding: 0 16px;
  }

  .brand-logo {
    height: 32px;
  }

  .brand-title {
    font-size: 0.95rem;
  }

  .hero-section {
    padding: 44px 0 32px;
  }

  .hero-subtitle {
    margin-bottom: 24px;
  }

  .page-header {
    padding: 42px 0 28px;
  }

  .design-pillars-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .hustles-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .stats-bar-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 12px;
  }

  .stat-card {
    padding: 18px 14px;
  }

  .contact-social-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 8px;
  }

  .contact-card {
    padding: 22px 18px;
  }

  .project-tags-row {
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 6px;
  }

  .project-card, .design-card, .hustle-card, .cv-col-card, .pub-card, .bio-showcase-card {
    padding: 22px 18px;
  }

  .bio-focus-pills {
    gap: 6px;
  }

  .bio-pill {
    font-size: 0.725rem;
    padding: 4px 8px;
  }

  .footer-card {
    padding: 28px 16px;
  }

  .author-avatar {
    width: 68px;
    height: 68px;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
  }

  .footer-heading {
    font-size: 1.05rem;
  }

  .footer-bio-text {
    font-size: 0.825rem;
  }

  .footer-social-icons {
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 8px;
    justify-content: center;
  }

  .modal-overlay {
    padding: 16px;
  }

  .modal-content {
    padding: 24px 18px 20px;
    max-height: 90vh;
  }
}

/* Extra Small Phones (<= 380px) */
@media (max-width: 380px) {
  .nav-container {
    padding: 0 12px;
  }

  .brand-title {
    font-size: 0.88rem;
  }

  .hero-btn {
    font-size: 0.825rem;
    padding: 8px 14px;
  }

  .step-block {
    padding: 42px 12px 42px 40px;
  }

  .step-center-marker {
    left: 16px;
  }

  .timeline-spine-track {
    left: 16px;
  }
}